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# Bob Tait Aviation Theory

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## Posts

- [CPL Meteorology Errata](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/16/cpl-meteorology-errata/)
- [CPL Air Law Errata](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/16/cpl-airlaw-errata/) - Last updated: 18, April 2024 Below is the current errata list for this textbook. These errata will be corrected in the next edition18.04.2023 Up dates to references. CPL_AIR_LAW_REFERENCE_CHANGES.pdf 25.10.2023Page 144 Question 21. There seems to be a formating problem with the question text. The question has been rewritten as follows. The answer should be (d).Question 21Your aircraft
- [Navigation E-Text](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/nav-copy/) - Bob Tait’s CPL Navigation E-Text gives you a convenient, digital way to master commercial-level flight planning and navigation theory. You’ll get 12 months online access to the latest up-to-date edition, with built-in tools like full-text search (find and highlight every instance of a term across the book) and bookmarking so you can save key sections
- [Meteorology E-Text](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/met-copy/) - CPL - Meteorology Bob Tait’s CPL Meteorology E-Text gives you a flexible, digital way to build commercial-level weather knowledge and revise efficiently. You’ll receive 12 months online access to the latest up-to-date edition, with powerful study tools including full-text search (find and highlight every instance of a term across the book) and bookmarking so you
- [Performance E-Text](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/perf-copy/) - Bob Tait’s CPL Performance E-Text gives you a flexible, digital way to study aircraft performance to a commercial standard—anywhere you have an internet connection. You’ll receive 12 months online access to the latest up-to-date edition, with powerful study tools including full-text search (find and highlight every instance of a term across the book) and bookmarking
- [Aerodynamics](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/aero/) - Bob Tait’s Commercial Aerodynamics book explains the aerodynamic knowledge commercial pilots are expected to apply—not just memorise. It covers advanced principles in a clear, practical way, including stability and control, performance and drag, manoeuvring flight, stalls and spins, propeller and power effects, high-load-factor operations, and how configuration and weight affect handling. Written with an exam-focused
- [General Knowledge](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/agk/) - Bob Tait’s CPL General Knowledge book brings together the core technical knowledge expected of a commercial pilot, explained in a clear, practical, exam-focused style. It covers aircraft systems and operations, engines and propellers, electrics and instruments, flight planning considerations, limitations, and performance-related principles—helping you connect theory to what you’ll see in the cockpit. Structured for
- [Human Performance & Limitations](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/hpl/) - CPL - Human Performance & Limitations Bob Tait’s CPL Human Factors book covers the practical “people-side” of safe commercial flying—how pilots think, perform, and make decisions under pressure. It explains key topics in clear, operational terms, including situational awareness, workload and fatigue, communication and teamwork (CRM and Non-Technical skills), threat and error management, stress, human
- [Air Law](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/law/) - CPL - Air Law Bob Tait’s CPL Air Law book turns the rules into something you can actually apply—covering the operational and regulatory knowledge commercial pilots are expected to know for exams and day-to-day decision making. It explains key requirements in plain English, including flight rules and procedures, airspace and ATC services, clearances, responsibilities and
- [Meteorology](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/met/) - CPL - Meteorology Bob Tait’s CPL Meteorology book builds the weather knowledge you need for commercial operations—helping you interpret forecasts, recognise hazards, and make safer pre-flight and in-flight decisions. It covers aviation-relevant meteorology in clear, practical language, including pressure systems, fronts, cloud and precipitation, winds, turbulence, icing, thunderstorms, and the correct use of aviation weather
- [Navigation](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/nav/) - CPL - Navigation Bob Tait’s CPL Navigation book develops the planning and in-flight decision-making skills you need for commercial-level flying. It covers modern and traditional navigation fundamentals—route planning, flight log preparation, headings and groundspeeds, time/fuel calculations, wind correction, diversions, and controlled airspace considerations—explained in a clear, practical, exam-focused style. Packed with worked examples and step-by-step
- [Performance](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/perf/) - CPL Performance Bob Tait’s CPL Performance book explains aircraft performance in a clear, practical way—helping you confidently work through take-off and landing performance, climb and cruise planning, weight and balance effects, and operational limitations. With step-by-step methods and worked examples, it’s designed to build real understanding and support strong results in the CPL Performance exam
- [Navigation Workbook E-Text](https://bobtait.com.au/2026/05/25/navigation-workbook-e-text/) - This E-Text subscription gives you 12 months access to the Navigation workbook, suitable for students studying for their PPL exam or CPL Navigation examThe E-text includes completely new explanatory notes and hundreds of new exercises. These are aimed at getting your skills up to standard so you can quickly and accurately calculate any navigation question
- [Human Performance & Limitations E-Text](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/hpl-copy/) - CPL - Human Performance & Limitations Bob Tait’s CPL Human Factors E-Text makes it easy to study the “people-side” of safe commercial flying wherever you are. You’ll receive 12 months online access to the latest up-to-date edition, with smart tools like full-text search (find and highlight every instance of a term across the book) and
- [General Knowledge E-Text](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/agk-copy/) - CPL - General Knowledge Bob Tait’s CPL General Knowledge E-Text gives you a flexible, digital way to study the core technical knowledge expected of a commercial pilot. You’ll get 12 months online access to the latest up-to-date edition, with built-in study tools like full-text search (find and highlight every instance of a term across the
- [Air Law E-Text](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/law-copy/) - CPL - Air Law Bob Tait’s CPL Air Law E-Text gives you a convenient, digital way to learn and revise the rules that matter for commercial operations. You’ll get 12 months online access to the latest up-to-date edition, with built-in tools like full-text search (find and highlight every instance of a term across the book)
- [Aerodynamics E-Text](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/aero-copy/) - Bob Tait’s CPL Aerodynamics E-Text gives you a flexible, digital way to study commercial-level aerodynamics anywhere, anytime. You’ll get 12 months online access to the latest up-to-date edition, with powerful study tools including full-text search (find and highlight every instance of a term across the book) and bookmarking so you can save key pages for
- [RAA BAK Errata](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/raa-bak-errata/) - Last updated: 06, May 2026 The following represent the current errata collected together for the RAA BAK and RAA Cross Country Navigation textbooks. 06.05.2026 Page 252 Q1. Answer page reference changed to page 245 Page 252 Q2. Answer page reference changed to page 249 Page 252 Q3. Answer page reference changed to page 246 Page
- [IREX Errata](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/16/irex-errata/) - Last updated: 26, April 2026 Below is the current errata list for this textbook. These errata will be corrected in the next edition. 29/4/2026 Index renumbered due to page migration Set 3 Question 9 Chart renamed – Boyse Nine Alpha. Transistion removedSet 3 Question 10 Typo RNP RWY 24 VOR- Corrected to RWY 24 VORSet
- [CPL Aerodynamics Errata](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/16/cpl-aerodynamics/) - Last updated: 07, September 2023 07.08.2023Page 54. Last paragraph on the bottom of the page reference is made to the AIP ENR 1.4. That reference is has been deleted in current versions of the AIP. The amended paragraph now reads “Although the actual separation times and distances are no longer published in the AIP, it would
- [CPL Gen Knowledge Errata](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/16/cpl-genknowledge-errata/) - Last updated: 07, September 2023 08.04.2021The colour of mogas has changed in recent times. It now depends upon the grade. Regular is greenish/bluish, Midgrade is yellowish and Premium is pink.
- [CPL Human Factors Errata](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/16/cpl-humanfactors-errata/) - Last updated: 07, September 2023 Below is the current errata list for this textbook. These errata will be corrected in the next edition.01.02.2024Page 46/47. The words ‘high’ and ‘low have been swapted. The difference between the illusion and the pilot’s response was unclear. The paragraph on page 46 has been rewritten and a new diagram
- [CPL Performance Errata](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/16/cpl-performance-errata/) - Last updated: 07, September 2023 Below is the current errata list for this textbook. These errata will be corrected in the next edition.7.12.2023Page 89. The solution given at the bottom of the page, Last three lines. ‘155’ should be ‘165’. The answer should be 150 minutes.24.11.2023Answer to Question 7 Final Test Page 250 has been
- [Navigation Workbook Errata](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/navigation-workbook-errata/) - Last updated: 07, September 2023 06.10.2021Amended page 20 see highlighted for amendments08.05.2020Updated Exercises and Answers for Safe Endurance, PNR’s and ETA PlanningSee updated pages here Navigation_ Workbook_Update.pdf
- [RAA Cross Country Errata](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/raa-cross-country-errata/) - Last updated: 07, September 2023 21.08.2018Page 251 AIP ENR 1.1 para 19.1.1 Is Now 4.1.1Page 252 AIP ENR 1.1 para 19.3.1 Is Now 4.1.3Page 255 AIP ENR 1.1 para 63 Is Now 11.11 AIP ENR 1.1 para 11.8.1 Is Now 11.7.1
- [RePL Errata](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/repl-errata/) - Last updated: 07, September 2023 27.04.2023 Page 273 Question 5 The answer should be (a) instead of (d) 27.07.2022Page 93 Question 10. The answer should be (b) not (a). The explanation is correct but the incorrect answer choice was given.
- [RPL/PPL Volume 1 Errata](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/rpl-ppl-volume-1-errata/) - Last updated: 07, September 2023 The RPL/PPL Vol 1 textbook changes and relevant errata will be listed here. 11.03.2024 The PRD section in the ERSA has changed to SUA (Special User Airspace) and page 303 has been amended to
- [RPL/PPL Volume 2 Errata](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/17/rpl-ppl-volume-2-errata/) - Last updated: 07, September 2023 Below is the current errata list for this textbook. These errata will be corrected in the next edition30.07.2024Page 182 Question No 5. The answer should have been (d). INTER does not necessarily mean that you need to carry 30 minutes holding fuel. It means you must carry EITHER 30 minutes
- [CPL Navigation Errata](https://bobtait.com.au/2024/12/16/cpl-navigation-errata/) - Last updated: 07, September 2023 7/11/2024Page 123 Question No 7. Some older books may indicate the contingency fuel to be 15% of the trip fuel. The terminology has changed. Variable reserve is now refered to has contingency fuel and the quantity of contingency fuel is now 10% not 15%. That makes the answer b (741nm.)

## Pages

- [Home](https://bobtait.com.au/) - New ProductThe Controlled Airspace Endorsement Guide is a practical, easy-to-follow resource for RAAus and CASA RPL pilots preparing to operate in controlled airspace. It clearly explains procedures, clearances, radio calls and pilot responsibilities, making it ideal for endorsement training or as a refresher for experienced pilots. Welcome to the updated Bob Tait’s Aviation Theory School
- [PPL](https://bobtait.com.au/home/ppl/) - RPL & PPL RESOURCES BOOKS E-TEXTS PACKAGES EXAMS VIDEOS COURSES RPL / PPL BOOK 1 & 2 Bob Tait’s RPL/PPL Volumes 1 and 2 are the core textbooks for Recreational and Private Pilot theory, written to make complex concepts clear, practical, and exam-ready. Together, they build a solid foundation across the knowledge you need for
- [RAAUS](https://bobtait.com.au/home/raaus/) - RAAus RESOURCES BOOKS E-TEXTS PACKAGES RAAus Bob Tait’s RAAus (Recreational Aviation Australia) textbooks are the preferred study resources for RAAus theory, written specifically to match the knowledge and standards recreational pilots are expected to know. The RAAus examinations are built around the information contained in these volumes, making them the most direct, reliable path to
- [IREX](https://bobtait.com.au/home/irex/) - BOOKS E-TEXTS PACKAGE EXAMS VIDEOS COURSES IREX Bob Tait’s IREX book is the dedicated study guide for pilots preparing for the Instrument Rating Examination, covering the advanced knowledge required to plan and conduct IFR operations safely and confidently. It explains instrument procedures and IFR decision-making in clear, practical language, with an exam-focused structure that supports
- [DOCUMENTS](https://bobtait.com.au/home/documents/) - CASA EXAM BOOKLET ERRATA / BOOK UPDATES SUPPLEMENTS EXTRACT AC 91 Exam Booklet Download Download the CASA exam booklet. The workbook is only for use in training for the associated CASA RPL, PPL and CPL examinations, and is not to be used for any other purpose. After use in a CASA examination, the workbook must not
- [RePL](https://bobtait.com.au/home/repl/) - BOOKS E-TEXTS PACKAGES RePL (UAV) Bob Tait’s RePL (Remote Pilot Licence) Theory book is a clear, practical study guide for anyone preparing for the CASA Remote Pilot Licence theory requirements. It explains the knowledge drone pilots need to operate safely and professionally—covering key rules and responsibilities, airspace and operating limitations, weather, human factors, and operational
- [AEROBATICS](https://bobtait.com.au/home/aerobatics/) - BOOKS E-TEXT PACKAGE TAILWHEEL & AEROBATICS Bob Tait’s Aerobatic and Tailwheel book is a practical guide for pilots building skills beyond standard training—covering both tailwheel flying and introductory aerobatics with a strong focus on safety and good technique. It explains the key handling differences of tailwheel aircraft (ground handling, take-off and landing technique, crosswinds, and
- [CPL](https://bobtait.com.au/home/cpl/) - COMMERCIAL PILOT RESOURCES BOOKS E-TEXTS PACKAGES EXAMS VIDEOS COURSES Bob Tait’s Commercial Pilot (CPL) books and resources are built for pilots stepping up to professional theory—clear, structured, and focused on what you need to know for training and exam success. The range combines trusted textbooks with supportive study tools to help you learn faster, revise
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- [SHOP](https://bobtait.com.au/home/shop/) - ABOUT BOB TAIT Bob Tait began his aviation career running his Flying School and Charter company (Hinchinbrook Air Services) at Ingham and Innisfail in North Queensland after eight years with the Queensland Education Department. He has held a Grade One Instructor Rating, Command Instrument Rams, Multi Engine Training approval. He has low level aerobatic test
- [FORUM](https://bobtait.com.au/home/forum/) - ABOUT BOB TAIT Bob Tait began his aviation career running his Flying School and Charter company (Hinchinbrook Air Services) at Ingham and Innisfail in North Queensland after eight years with the Queensland Education Department. He has held a Grade One Instructor Rating, Command Instrument Rams, Multi Engine Training approval. He has low level aerobatic test

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## Products

- [RAAus Cross Country Book + E-Text (Combo)](https://bobtait.com.au/product/raa-cross-country-book-e-text-special-combo-price/) - This package includes the RAA Cross Country printed textbook and 12 months access to the matching E-Text, giving you flexibility to study anywhere while still having a permanent hard copy for reference. Please note that the E-text is not a downloadable product and you must have a live internet connection.
- [Book: CPL Navigation (CNAV) E-TEXT only](https://bobtait.com.au/product/e-text-cnav/) - Price: $40 This E-Text subscription gives you 12 months access to the following features: Full-Text Searching: the E-Text viewer gives a list of all instances of your search term throughout the entire book and highlights them for you. Bookmarking: save links to pages within the text to build up a collection of sections you found
- [E-Text: Controlled Airspace](https://bobtait.com.au/product/e-text-controlled-airspace/) - Price: $35 This E-Text subscription gives you 12 months access to the following features: Full-Text Searching: the E-Text viewer gives a list of all instances of your search term throughout the entire book and highlights them for you. Bookmarking: save links to pages within the text to build up a collection of sections you found
- [RAAus Cross Country (Book Only)](https://bobtait.com.au/product/ra-aus-cross-country-book-only/) - Bob Tait’s RAAus Cross Country Endorsement Manual is the preferred study resource for pilots preparing for the RAAus Cross Country endorsement. Built around the knowledge and procedures assessed by the RAAus exam system, it focuses on the practical theory you need for real navigation flying—planning, en-route decision making, airspace awareness, weather considerations, and safe cross-country techniques. Clear, structured,
- [RAAus BAK Pilot Certificate (Book Only)](https://bobtait.com.au/product/ra-aus-pilot-certificate-book-only/) - Bob Tait’s RAAus BAK (Basic Aeronautical Knowledge) Theory Book is the preferred study text for students working toward the Recreational Pilot Certificate. Written specifically to match the knowledge standards assessed by RAAus, it covers the core theory you need to learn, understand, and apply—making it the most direct path to exam success. With clear explanations, practical flying
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- [CPL General Knowledge Book + E-Text (Combo)](https://bobtait.com.au/product/cpl-general-knowledge-book-e-text-special-combo-price/) - This book covers all of the requirements for the Syllabus for the CPL General Knowledge Cyber Examination. Packed with hundreds of high quality diagrams, entertaining text, progress tests and final practice exams. This purchase gives you the printed textbook as well as 12 months access to the E-Text with the following features: Full-Text Searching: the
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- [E-Text: CPL Meteorology (CMET)](https://bobtait.com.au/product/e-text-cmet/) - Price: $35 This E-Text subscription gives you 12 months access to the following features: Full-Text Searching: the E-Text viewer gives a list of all instances of your search term throughout the entire book and highlights them for you. Bookmarking: save links to pages within the text to build up a collection of sections you found
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- [CPL Aerodynamics ALL Videos including exam preps](https://bobtait.com.au/product/cpl-aero-all-videos-exam-preps/) - The entire Aerodynamics ground school videos 1 to 11 Included online practise quizzes and practise exam
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- [E-Text: Navigation Workbook (PPL and CNAV)](https://bobtait.com.au/product/e-text-nav-workbook/) - Price: $20 This E-Text subscription gives you 12 months access to the Navigation workbook, suitable for students studying for their PPL exam or CPL Navigation exam The E-text includes completely new explanatory notes and hundreds of new exercises. These are aimed at getting your skills up to standard so you can quickly and accurately calculate
- [E-Text: CPL General Knowledge (CSYA)](https://bobtait.com.au/product/e-text-csya/) - Price: $35 This E-Text subscription gives you 12 months access to the following features: Full-Text Searching: the E-Text viewer gives a list of all instances of your search term throughout the entire book and highlights them for you. Bookmarking: save links to pages within the text to build up a collection of sections you found
- [E-Text: CPL Performance (CFPA)](https://bobtait.com.au/product/e-text-cfpa/) - Price: $51 This E-Text subscription gives you 12 months access to the following features: Full-Text Searching: the E-Text viewer gives a list of all instances of your search term throughout the entire book and highlights them for you. Bookmarking: save links to pages within the text to build up a collection of sections you found
- [CPL Nav ALL Videos including exam preps](https://bobtait.com.au/product/cpl-nav-all/) - (3 Months access)
- [E-Text: CPL Aerodynamics (CADA)](https://bobtait.com.au/product/e-text-cada/) - Price: $35 This E-Text subscription gives you 12 months access to the following features: Full-Text Searching: the E-Text viewer gives a list of all instances of your search term throughout the entire book and highlights them for you. Bookmarking: save links to pages within the text to build up a collection of sections you found
- [E-Text: CPL Air Law (CLWA)](https://bobtait.com.au/product/e-text-cpl-air-law-clwa-copy/) - Price: $35 This E-Text subscription gives you 12 months access to the following features: Full-Text Searching: the E-Text viewer gives a list of all instances of your search term throughout the entire book and highlights them for you. Bookmarking: save links to pages within the text to build up a collection of sections you found
- [E-Text: Private Pilot Licence (PPL)](https://bobtait.com.au/product/e-text-ppl/) - Price: $65 This E-Text subscription gives you 12 months access to the following features: Full-Text Searching: the E-Text viewer gives a list of all instances of your search term throughout the entire book and highlights them for you. Bookmarking: save links to pages within the text to build up a collection of sections you found
- [E-Text: Recreational Pilot Licence (RPL)](https://bobtait.com.au/product/e-text-rpl/) - Price: $65 This E-Text subscription gives you 12 months access to the following features: Full-Text Searching: the E-Text viewer gives a list of all instances of your search term throughout the entire book and highlights them for you. Bookmarking: save links to pages within the text to build up a collection of sections you found
- [E-Text: Human Factors (CHUF)](https://bobtait.com.au/product/e-text-chuf/) - Price: $35 This E-Text subscription gives you 12 months access to the following features: Full-Text Searching: the E-Text viewer gives a list of all instances of your search term throughout the entire book and highlights them for you. Bookmarking: save links to pages within the text to build up a collection of sections you found
- [IREX Topic 8](https://bobtait.com.au/product/irex_8/) - Requirements for aerodrome lighting. Thunderstorms. Holding requirements. Changes (FM) and Variations (INTER and TEMPO). Check list for the provision of alternates (Alternates Could Very Well Prove Life Savers). TAFs and TAF3. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
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- [PPL Navigation](https://bobtait.com.au/product/pplnavall/) - Price $250 The PPL Navigation block consists of 9 video sessions designed for the Private Pilot Instant Access available with
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- [Performance Topic 7](https://bobtait.com.au/product/perf_7/) - CALCULATING THE EQUI-TIME POINT (ETP) ALSO CALLED CRITICAL POINT. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [IREX Video Topic 15](https://bobtait.com.au/product/irex_15/) - The standard holding pattern. Sector entries. Missed approach point. RNAV/GNSS segments and missed approach. The 3D approach (ILS). Decision Altitude. ILS minima. Flight director. Auto pilot coupled approach. Any questions or issues relating to this product can be directed to our office atbobtait@bobtait.com.au or by calling 0493 385 101. Video Access is valid for 3
- [IREX Online Ground School – Full Video Course with Exam Preparation (3 Months Access)](https://bobtait.com.au/product/iicav/) - IREX Online Ground School – Full Course Package (3 months access) Complete the entire IREX ground school online, at your own pace, without needing to attend face-to-face classes. This package is designed for busy pilots who need a flexible way to prepare for the CASA Instrument Rating Examination. It covers the key instrument rating theory
- [CPL Performance (CFPA) - Resources](https://bobtait.com.au/product/cfpa-resources/) - This course contains resources available to students with the E-TEXT: CFPA , EXAM PREP: CFPA and the CPL PERF Course products. Enrolment in this resource course is automatic with purchase of one of these products but is otherwise not available to students of other courses.
- [Performance Topic 2](https://bobtait.com.au/product/perf_2/) - THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (ISA); CALCULATING PRESSURE HEIGHT; THE IMPORTANCE OF TEMPERATURE; CALCULATING ISA TEMPERATURE; ISA DEVIATION; THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ATMOSPHERIC DENSITY; CALCULATING DENSITY HEIGHT. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Performance video Topic 12](https://bobtait.com.au/product/perf_12/) - PROBLEMS INVOLVING THE FORWARD LIMIT. WEIGHT TO SHIFT TO MOVE THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY TO THE FORWARD LIMIT. WEIGHT TO ADD OR SUBTRACT TO MOVE THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY TO THE FORWARD LIMIT; WHEN DO YOU USE THE'TWO POINT' METHOD TO CALCULATE WEIGHT TO ADD OR SUBTRACT. MORE DEFINITIONS; FLOOR LOADING INTENSITY; USING THE FLIGHT PLAN
- [Performance video Topic 11](https://bobtait.com.au/product/perf_11/) - USING BOTH HARD BALLAST AND FUEL AS BALLAST; REVISING THE PRIVATE PILOT LOADING SYSTEMS (ALPHA, BRAVO & CHARLIE SYSTEMS); Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Performance video Topic 10](https://bobtait.com.au/product/perf_10/) - WEIGHT TO ADD OR SUBTRACT TO SOLVE AN AFT LIMIT PROBLEM; WEIGHT TO SHIFT TO SOLVE AN AFT LIMIT PROBLEM; USING FUEL AS BALLAST; Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Performance Topic 9](https://bobtait.com.au/product/perf_9/) - INTRODUCING WEIGHT AND BALANCE FOR THE ECHO; CALCULATING THE FORWARD LIMIT OF THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY RANGE FOR THE ECHO; HOW FUEL AFFECTS BALANCE; THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY ENVELOPE; DOING A LOAD SHEET; THE EMPTY WEIGHT AND MOMENT; INDEX UNITS; FINDING THE MAXIMUM CARGO PERMITTED; FINDING THE MAXIMUM FUEL PERMITTED.
- [Performance Topic 6](https://bobtait.com.au/product/perf_6/) - STRUCTRUAL WEIGHT LIMITATIONS FOR TAKE OFF AND LANDING. ZERO FUEL WEIGHT LIMITS; FINDING THE MAXIMUM TAKE OFF WEIGHT FOR A GIVEN FLIGHT; THE 'BEETLE DIAGRAM'. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Performance Topic 5](https://bobtait.com.au/product/perf_5/) - EXTRACTING PERFORMANCE DATA FROM THE ECHO PERFORMANCE TABLES; FUEL PLANNING; TRIP FUEL, RESERVES AND ALLOWANCES; CALCULATING MINIMUM FUEL REQUIRED; PLANNING FOR AN ALTERNATE; PLANNING FOR MAXIMUM RANGE;
- [Performance Topic 4](https://bobtait.com.au/product/perf_4/) - IAS AND STRUCTURAL LIMITATIONS; THE Vn DIAGRAM; LIMITING IAS; IAS MARKINGS; RATE AND ANGLE OF CLIMB; FACTORS AFFECTING TAKE-OFF AND LANDING PERFORMANCE; USING THE 'P' CHARTS; CLIMB WEIGHT LIMITS Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Performance Topic 3](https://bobtait.com.au/product/perf_3/) - MORE ON DENSITY HEIGHT CALCULATION; SINGLE ENGINE CEILING; THE AIRSPEED INDICATOR; TRUE AND INDICATED AIRSPEED CONVERSION. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Performance Topic 1](https://bobtait.com.au/product/perf_1/) - INTRODUCTION; DOCUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRED; ERSA TAKE OFF AND LANDING DEFINITIONS; SUITABLE TAKE OFF AND LANDING AREAS NOT LISTED IN ERSA Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Nav_Topic 8](https://bobtait.com.au/product/nav_8/) - Introduction to the VOR. Errors and limitations of the VOR. Area navigation. The GPS (Global Navigation Satellite System – GNSS). Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Nav_Topic 7](https://bobtait.com.au/product/nav_7/) - Legal requirements for visual navigation. Navigation by ground based navigation aids (NDB or VOR). Understanding the symbols on the charts. The PCA charts and HF communications. Map preparation. Introduction to NDB errors and limitations. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Nav_Topic 6](https://bobtait.com.au/product/nav_6/) - Putting it all together. More advanced 1 in 60 examples Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Nav_Topic 5](https://bobtait.com.au/product/nav_5/) - More on the 1 in 60 rule. Finding the actual wind. Map reading Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Nav_Topic 4](https://bobtait.com.au/product/nav_4/) - Altimetry navigating vertically. Introduction to the 1 in 60 rule. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Nav_Topic 3](https://bobtait.com.au/product/nav_3/) - Calculating First Light and Last Light. Worked exercises. Drift, heading and ground speed. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Nav_Topic 2](https://bobtait.com.au/product/nav_2/) - Rhumb lines and Great circles on Lambert’s and Mercator’s projections. Definition of a nautical mile. The earths’ magnetic field. Converting true to magnetic direction. Magnetic variation. Time, speed and distance calculations. Time. First Light. Last Light. Seasonal variations. Local time, Standard time and UTC. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Nav_Topic 1](https://bobtait.com.au/product/nav_1/) - The form of the earth. Latitude and Longitude. Making maps – Mercator & Lamberts projections. Rhumb lines and great circles. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Met_Topic 9](https://bobtait.com.au/product/met_9/) - More on reading TAFs. The TAF3 service. Graphical Area Forecast (GAF). Grid point wind and temperature (GPWT). Dealing with questions on synoptic features. Volmet messages. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Met_Topic 8](https://bobtait.com.au/product/met_8/) - Automatic stations. CAVOK. Reading TAFs. Operational requirements. Alternates and holding. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Met_Topic 7](https://bobtait.com.au/product/met_7/) - Operational meteorology. Reading operational messages. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
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- [Met_Topic 5](https://bobtait.com.au/product/met_5/) - Effect of temperature and pressure changes on altimeters. Synoptic features. Cold fronts in Australia. Turbulence. Wind shear. Radiation fog and Advection fog Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
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- [Met_Topic 3](https://bobtait.com.au/product/met_3/) - Pressure systems. Synoptic charts. Gradient and surface wind. Cold fronts. Local meteorology. Land breeze. Sea breeze. Katabatic wind. Change of state. Relative humidity and dew point temperature. Adiabatic and saturated lapse rates. Atmospheric stability. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Met_Topic 2](https://bobtait.com.au/product/met_2/) - The troposphere. Atmospheric circulation cells. The equatorial trough. The sub-tropical ridge. The polar front. The earth’s orbit and seasons. The Corioli’s Effect. Trade winds and monsoons. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Met_Topic 1](https://bobtait.com.au/product/met_1/) - Introduction. The atmosphere. Heat transfer processes. Conduction, convection, radiation and advection. Latent heat. Specific heat. Condensation and Evaporation. Atmospheric Layers. Environmental lapse rate. The ozone layer. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [IREX Topic 9](https://bobtait.com.au/product/irex_9/) - Fuel requirements for IFR. Understanding controlled airspace. Preferred routes in CTA (ERSA FPR). Examples of preferred routes. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [IREX Topic 7](https://bobtait.com.au/product/irex_7/) - Revision questions and answers. Provision of alternates. Planning to an aerodrome with no instrument approach. Navigation aid requirement (Private and Air Transport). Cloud and visibility requirement. Special alternate minima. Wind requirement. PROB on a forecast. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [IREX Topic 6](https://bobtait.com.au/product/irex_6/) - The instrument rating (duration and endorsements). Recency and renewal requirements. Single pilot recency. Check list for recency. Night VFR requirements. Flight notification. The validity of a TAF. Selection of an appropriate route. Rated coverage requirements. ERC and TAC routes. Obtaining a positive radio fix. Lowest Safe Altitude requirements. Grid lowest safe. Calculating the lowest safe tolerance
- [IREX Topic 5](https://bobtait.com.au/product/irex_5/) - Pre take-off altimeter serviceability checks. Weather radar. The IFR pilot (ratings and endorsements). An introduction to types of instrument approaches. 2D and 3D. Reversal procedures. Straight-in approaches (The localizer LOC). RNAV/GNSS approach. An introduction to the ILS approach. TVASIS and PAPI. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [IREX Topic 4](https://bobtait.com.au/product/irex_4/) - Part 1 questions. GPS TSO requirements (129 and 145/6). Navigation instruments for Private and Air Transport flights. Performance based navigation (PBN RNAV. RNP. Autopilot. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [IREX Topic 3](https://bobtait.com.au/product/irex_3/) - What is RNAV? Inertial Navigation (INS). VOR/DME area nav. Satellite navigation (Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Geostationary Satellites. What is IFR navigation? Navigating with ground based aids. Visual approaches. The IFR aircraft (equipment). Extra requirements for Air Transport flights. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [IREX Topic 2](https://bobtait.com.au/product/irex_2/) - ADF exercises off the ERC. Track error and drift. ADF intercept of track. Using an off-track NDB. Sample exam-type ADF question. More advanced ADF orientation questions. Examples of more advanced questions. The VOR. Principle of operation of the VOR. Radials, Station passage. Errors and limitations of the VOR. The horizontal situation indicator (HSI).
- [IREX Video Topic 14](https://bobtait.com.au/product/irex_14/) - Visual approach at night. DME/GPS arrivals (DGA). More on the 2D approach. Initial, Intermediate and final sectors (speed and tracking restrictions). Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [IREX Video Topic 13](https://bobtait.com.au/product/irex_13/) - Exercise questions and answers. Visual approach at night. DME or GPS arrivals (DGA). Descent below MDA (day and night). Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [IREX Video Topic 12](https://bobtait.com.au/product/irex_12/) - Exercise questions and answers. Departure and tracking requirements. Example of a departure from an uncontrolled aerodrome. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [IREX Video Topic 11](https://bobtait.com.au/product/irex_11/) - Departure from a CLASS D aerodrome (procedural separation) . Departure from a CLASS C aerodrome (radar separation) Calculating the climb gradient. Standard Instrument Departures (SID). Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [IREX Video Topic 10](https://bobtait.com.au/product/irex_10/) - Frequency changes. Departures into IMC. Qualifying and non-qualifying aircraft. Considering an engine failure in a multi-engine aircraft. Climb and cruise procedures (climb VFR, VFR on top). Track keeping. Circling area. Circling and straight-in approaches. Minimum sector (safe) altitude (MSA). Commencing the approach. Performance categories. Night approaches. Video Access is valid for 3
- [IREX Topic 1](https://bobtait.com.au/product/irex_1/) - Introduction. Radio waves (frequency, wave length. frequency bands, characteristics. Ground waves. Sky waves. The VHF navigation aids. NDB/ADF. Interpretation of the NDB. Errors and Limitations of the NDB. Rated coverage of the NDB. Orientation exercises with the NDB. The ‘HAT’ trick. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Gen Know_Topic 8](https://bobtait.com.au/product/gen_8/) - The electrical system. The electrical circuit. Battery, Generators and Alternators. Volts and Amps. Voltmeter. Ammeter. Battery capacity. Fuses and circuit breakers. A typical electric circuit. Warning lights. Solenoids and relays. External power units. The magneto. Safety issues with magneto ignition Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Gen Know_Topic 7](https://bobtait.com.au/product/gen_7/) - Supercharging and Turbocharging. Gear driven superchargers. Exhaust gas driven turbochargers. Principle of operation. Trouble shooting. Critical altitude. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Gen Know_Topic 6](https://bobtait.com.au/product/gen_6/) - The fuel system. Exhaust gas temperature gauge (EGT). Gravity fed fuel system. Pump fed fuel system. Engine driven fuel pump. Electrical auxiliary fuel pump. Fuel vaporisation. Boost pumps. Carburettors. Carburettor icing. Fuel injection systems. Fuel primers. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Gen Know_Topic 5](https://bobtait.com.au/product/gen_5/) - Combustion considerations. Octane rating and engine performance. Lead fouling. The importance of mixture in engine performance. Back firing and After firing. Ignition timing. Best power mixture. Best economy mixture. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Gen Know_Topic 4](https://bobtait.com.au/product/gen_4/) - Fixed pitch propellers. Constant speed propellers. The effect of TAS and RPM on propeller angle of attack. Aerodynamic and centrifugal twisting moments. Propeller governor. Cockpit controls and constant speed propellers. Manifold pressure and RPM and engine performance. Carburettor ice and constant speed units. Feathering a propeller (multi-engine aeroplanes). Video
- [Gen Know_Topic 3](https://bobtait.com.au/product/gen_3/) - More on radial engines. The oil system. The oil cooler. Wet sump and dry sump oil systems. Viscosity. Oil fouling in horizontally opposed engines Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Gen Know_Topic 9](https://bobtait.com.au/product/gen_9/) - Hydraulic System. Undercarriage systems. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Gen Know_VIDEO 10](https://bobtait.com.au/product/gen_10/) - Aircraft instruments. The gyro instruments. The pressure instruments. The magnetic compass. Fire detection and prevention systems. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Gen Know_Topic 2](https://bobtait.com.au/product/gen_2/) - Preignition. Compression ratio. Factors affecting engine power. Gearing the engine. In line and horizontally opposed cylinders. Radial engines. Engine cooling. Cowl flaps Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Gen Know_VIDEO 11](https://bobtait.com.au/product/gen_11/) - The magnetic compass. Fire detection and prevention systems. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Gen Know_Topic 1](https://bobtait.com.au/product/gen_1/) - Engine Components. Four Stroke Cycle. How power is generated. Manifold Pressure. Torque. Ignition timing. Valve timing. Volumetric efficiency. Firing interval, Thermal and Mechanical efficiency. Detonation. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Aero_Topic 5](https://bobtait.com.au/product/aero_5/) - Thrust available curve. Surplus thrust. Effect of weight on thrust required. Difference between thrust and power. The Power curves. Surplus power. Finding max range on the Power curve. The difference between thrust and power. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Aero_Topic 6](https://bobtait.com.au/product/aero_6/) - The lift formula. More about stalling. Effect of wind on range. Effect of weight on range. Lift augmentation devices (flaps, slats, vortex generators) Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Aero_Topic 7](https://bobtait.com.au/product/aero_7/) - Climbing. Descending. Turning. Ground Effect. Maximum glide performance. Wind shear. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Aero_Topic 8](https://bobtait.com.au/product/aero_8/) - Turning. Load factor. Rate and Radius of turn. Climbing and descending turns. Apparent slip and skid in a turn. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Aero_Topic 9](https://bobtait.com.au/product/aero_9/) - Advanced turning. Induced or high speed stall. Factors affecting stalling speed. Spins and spin recovery. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Aerod_Topic 10](https://bobtait.com.au/product/aero_10/) - Stability and spiral dives. Spiral instability. Static and Dynamic stability. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Aerod_Topic 11](https://bobtait.com.au/product/aero_11/) - Stability and spiral dives. Spiral instability. Static and Dynamic stability. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Performance Topic 8](https://bobtait.com.au/product/perf_8/) - CALCULATING THE POINT OF NO RETURN (PNR) Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Aero_Topic 4](https://bobtait.com.au/product/aero_4/) - Form drag and Parasite drag. Aspect Ratio. Washout. Taper. Thrust required curve. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Aero_Topic 3](https://bobtait.com.au/product/aero_3/) - The coefficients of lift and drag. Lift/Drag ratio. Centre of pressure behaviour. Wake turbulence. The thrust and power curves. Directional control on take-off. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Aero_Topic 1](https://bobtait.com.au/product/aero_1/) - Isaac Newton’s laws of motion. What is motion? What is a force? Equilibrium. The concept of a molecule. What is work? What is range. What is power? What is a horsepower? Difference between range and endurance. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase
- [Aero_Topic 2](https://bobtait.com.au/product/aero_2/) - Kinetic energy. Indicated Air Speed. Vectors. Aircraft motion (pitch, roll and yaw). Theories of lift production. Venturi. Chord and Camber. Symmetrical and Laminar Flow aerofoils. Angle of attack. The lift curve. Wind tunnels. Video Access is valid for 3 months after purchase

## Categories

- [Uncategorized](https://bobtait.com.au/category/uncategorized/)
- [Errata](https://bobtait.com.au/category/errata/)
- [CPL](https://bobtait.com.au/category/cpl/)
- [E-Text](https://bobtait.com.au/category/e-text/)

## Product categories

- [Remote Control Pilot Licence](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/remote-control-pilot-licence/)
- [PPL E-Text and Exam Preps](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/rplppl/ppl-e-text-and-exam-preps-3/) - PPL CategoryThis section contains a list of all on-line products available for your studies towards the RPl and PPL licences.
- [CPL Aerodynamics](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/commercialpilot/cpl-e-text-and-exam-preps-2/cpl-aerodynamics-6/) - CPL Aerodynamics
- [CPL Air Law](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/commercialpilot/cpl-e-text-and-exam-preps-2/cpl-air-law-7/)
- [CPL General Knowledge](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/commercialpilot/cpl-e-text-and-exam-preps-2/cpl-general-knowledge-9/)
- [CPL Human Factors](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/commercialpilot/cpl-e-text-and-exam-preps-2/cpl-human-factors-14/) - CPL HPL
- [CPL Meteorology](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/commercialpilot/cpl-e-text-and-exam-preps-2/cpl-meteorology-10/)
- [CPL Navigation](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/commercialpilot/cpl-e-text-and-exam-preps-2/cpl-navigation-8/)
- [CPL Performance](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/commercialpilot/cpl-e-text-and-exam-preps-2/cpl-performance-11/)
- [IREX E-Text and Exam Preps](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/irex_instrument-rating/irex-e-text-and-exam-preps-12/) - IREX CategoryThis section contains a list of all on-line products available for your IREX studies.
- [IREX Video Lecture Series](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/irex_instrument-rating/irex-video-lecture-series-22/) -  
- [CPL Aerodynamics Video Lecture Series](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/commercialpilot/cpl-aerodynamics-video-lecture-series-36/) -  Contact Maree in the Office bobtait@bobtait.com.au or 0493 385 101 if you wish to purchase the entire Online Video Course including Exam Preps for the discounted price of $400All video purchases are valid for 3 months. 
- [PPL Video Lectures](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/rplppl/ppl-video-lectures-59/) - This video lectures series is based on the RPL/PPL study guides and requires you to have copies of bothStudy Guides Vol 1 and 2. They are available here if you don’t have copies. All video purchases are valid for 3 months. 
- [CPL General Knowledge Video Lecture Series](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/commercialpilot/cpl-general-knowledge-video-lecture-series-42/) -  Contact Maree in the Office bobtait@bobtait.com.au or 0493 385 101 if you wish to purchase the entire Online Video Course including Exam Preps for the discounted price of $400All video purchases are valid for 3 months. 
- [CPL Performance Video Lecture Series](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/commercialpilot/cpl-performance-video-lecture-series-29/) -  
- [CPL Meteorology Video Lecture Series](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/commercialpilot/cpl-meteorology-video-lecture-series-54/) -  Contact Maree in the Office bobtait@bobtait.com.au or 0493 385 101 if you wish to purchase the entire Online Video Course including Exam Preps for the discounted price of $450All video purchases are valid for 3 months. 
- [CPL Navigation Video Lecture Series](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/commercialpilot/cpl-navigation-video-lecture-series-48/) -  Contact Maree in the Office bobtait@bobtait.com.au or 0493 385 101 if you wish to purchase the entire Online Video Course including Exam Preps for the discounted price of $450All video purchases are valid for 3 months. 
- [RAAus E-Texts](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/raaus/raaus-e-texts-13/)
- [CPL E-Text and Exam Preps](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/commercialpilot/cpl-e-text-and-exam-preps-2/) - CPL CategoryThis section contains a list of all online products available for your CPL studies, separated by subject. You can find your course by selecting the subject you are interested in, or you can use the search box to refine the list of courses.
- [RAAus](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/raaus/) - RAAus training books, online courses, practice quizzes and endorsement preparation material for recreational aviation students and pilots.
- [RPL/PPL](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/rplppl/) - All RPL/PPL products
- [Commercial pilots products](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/commercialpilot/) - Commercial pilot licence products
- [IREX products](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/instrumentrating/) - all IREX products
- [Instrument Rating products](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/irex_instrument-rating/) - All instrument rating products
- [Tail Wheel and Aerobatics](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/tailwheelandaerobatics/)
- [CPL Hardcopy book + E_Text Combination](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/commercialpilot/cplpackages/)
- [CPL Books](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/commercialpilot/cpl-books/)
- [Book and E_Text combo](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/rplppl/book-and-e_text-combo/)
- [Hard copy books](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/rplppl/hard-copy-books/)
- [CPL Hard copy books](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/commercialpilot/cpl-hard-copy-books/)
- [IREX Hardcopy book](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/irex_instrument-rating/irex-hardcopy-book/)
- [RAAus Printed Books](https://bobtait.com.au/product-category/raaus/raaus-hard-copy-books/)