I just passed the PPLA exam with 92%. Many thanks to Bob Tait and his team for the great books and practice exams which helped me get through.

My first practice exam was pretty disappointing, and worst of all were the TEM questions. So I spent a lot of time trying to understand the TEM chapter.

Here is a tip which helped me a lot:

It is much easier to remember the TEM language if you know the logic behind it.

[ul]
[li][i]Countermeasures[/i] are classified by [b]when[/b] they are applied:
[ul]
[li]way before the flight, in the design of the aircraft, pilot training etc ([i]systemic[/i] countermeasure)[/li]
[li]when the pilots are planning the flight ([i]planning[/i] countermeasure)[/li]
[li]when the pilots are executing the flight according to the planned procedure ([i]execution[/i] countermeasure)[/li]
[li]when the pilots respond to something unusual during the flight ([i]review[/i] countermeasure)
[/ul]

[/li]
[li][i]Errors[/i] are classified by [b]what[/b] went wrong, roughly by [b]aviate-navigate-communicate[/b]:
[ul]
[li]errors in flying the plane (including navigating in the air) are [i]aircraft handling errors[/i][/li]
[li]errors in navigating while on the ground are [i]ground navigation errors[/i][/li]
[li]errors in communicating are [i]communication errors[/i]
[/ul]
[/li]
[li][i]Threats[/i] are classified mainly by [b]where[/b] they come from
[ul]
[li]something inside the plane ([i]internal[/i])[/li]
[li]something outside the plane ([i]external[/i])[/li]
[li]environmental[/li]
[li]organisational[/li]
[/ul]
and also by [b]what we know[/b]
[ul]
[li] [i]latent[/i] if it is present without pilot being aware [/li]
[li] [i]anticipated[/i] if the pilot knows the threat in advance, e.g. bad weather that was forecast;[/li]
[li] [i]unexpected[/i] if the pilot doesn't know that the threat will arise on this flight, e.g. engine failure[/li]
[/ul]